Water is the soul of life and law is the organizer of life. Although water crisis is not a new concern, recently, it has been an objective problem. Unwritten law and canonical rule has an old root in country, but formal law which is a necessary for modern society is the young one esp. law of water which refers to 1930s. The three most effective laws in the field of water are: law aof “water and trends of its nationalization (1968)”, law of “justice distribution of water (1982) ”, and recently, law of "Determination for illegal wells (2010) ". The main objective of this research paper was to study and criticize the law of "Determination for illegal wells”. This research was a descriptive- correlational research using survey technique which was done during 2013 and 2014. Semi-structured questions were used for interview. Also questionnaire as research instrument included closed and open ended questions. Research population includes technical and legal affairs experts in Fars Regional Water Authority, official experts of law court in field of Water and also judges for water subjects. Data was extracted in quantitative and qualitative methods. For inferential statistics and drawing diagram, SPSS20 and Excel 2013 were used. According to findings, law of "Determination for illegal wells” is not environmentally friendly and cannot preserve groundwater and aquifer (6.4 out of 20), it is not a holistic law (6.7 out of 20), and it is practically a weak law (10.7 out of 20). Mann-Whitney U tests show that there are no significant differences between in viewpoint of experts about the preservative role of this law in regards of gender, education level and field of study. At the end, legal objections and executive challenges are discussed in details. Allocating this law for Non-banned areas, delivering a bill to the parliament for deleting or fundamental revising the law and also preparing the “holistic law for water”, are the suggestions.

The water crisis in Iran is a reality. The Iranian legislator, with a view to an effective fight against this phenomenon, has passed several laws in this area. Some laws are effective in this regard and compatible with this goal, such as the 1345 Law on the Protection of Groundwater Sources. However, other laws are not only ineffective but also undermine this goal, such as the Law on the Equitable Distribution of Water of 1361. It should be noted that some articles of this law undermine the safeguarding of groundwater. In particular, the penal sanctions provided for by this law are not severe enough and therefore they are not effective. As a consequence of the inefficiency of these sections, the provisions of the Law of 1361 are not respected. For this reason the law of 1361 needs modification and especially the penalties envisaged by this law must be replaced by the more severe provisions.

Introduction: Induced abortion is illegal in Iran and most other countries but in case pregnancy threatens maternal or fetal life, one can terminate the pregnancy, while doing illegal or clandestine and perhaps septic abortions usually leads to various undesirable life-threatening outcomes. The importance of exploring different aspects of illegal abortion and its related causes is an obvious subject. Therefore, this study investigates the experiences and views of some women and the outlook of authorities on illegal abortion practices.Materials & Methods: In this qualitative content analysis study, women that had a history of abortion and people with theological, political, legal or scientific (The patient care team) views were interviewed on illegal abortion outcomes in Karaj and Tehran, from March to September 2006. The data were content analyzed.Results: Five main themes emerged from this qualitative study. Only the results of one theme, “Assessment of condition”, with three main categories will be discussed in this article. These main categories included reactions, religious and personal beliefs and socio-political restrictions. The major reactions were divided into two minor subgroups 1) the treatment team, family and friends and the society. The medical team was further subdivided into two minor 2) supportive and preventive categories. The preventive subdivision 3) was divided into three minor divisions of abstaining from cooperation, caution and encouragement. Conclusion: Reactions of family and friends and the medical team to illegal abortions are regarded as important for decision-making by pregnant women who want to commit them. False beliefs or incertitude in Sharia, and considering abortion of more benefit to the family compared to continuing it, all favor a state to ignore prohibitive ethical issues. The patient care team’s support also affects the way social restrictions are confronted and the pregnant women eventually commit abortion. Therefore, providing a separate consultation in health centers for women who have unwanted pregnancies could reduce abortion rates committed due to economic, social and family problems or being unaware of ethical and religious issues. Evaluation of the causes for assistance by the patient care team could help solve this health problem too.

In recent decades, tourism has played a significant role in the economies of many countries. One of the crucial elements in tourism is souvenir shopping. However, there is no research exploring Afghan souvenir shopping behavior. In addition, there is no research analysis of legal and illegal shoppers. The main objective of the present study is to identify the factors influencing Afghan immigrants’ selection of souvenirs, as well as to compare and analyze the purchasing behavior of legal and illegal Afghan immigrants. The research method employed in the current study is a qualitative approach with a semi-structured interview technique. Interviews were conducted with 45 individuals, including legal and illegal Afghan immigrants, comprising tourists, traders, students, and workers traveling to Iran. The data were analyzed using the thematic analysis method. According to the research findings, the influential factors on souvenir selection by legal immigrants include: "Tourism-Centric Nature of Souvenirs", "Needs and Expectations", "Diverse Shopping Styles", "Cultural and Ethnic Lenses", "Ethical Considerations", and "Real and Virtual Worlds”. Additionally, the influential factors of souvenir selection by illegal immigrants include: "Economic Conditions", "Purchase Motivation", "Affordability", "Collective Shopping Style", "Cultural and Ethnic Lenses", "Ethical Considerations", and "Real World Influence". Finally, it offers a comparison of purchasing behavior between legal and illegal societies. This study adds to the current body of knowledge by exploring a novel context.

Close relationship of police with people and the expansion of women presence in the society have made the look issue of special importance as a first step in beginning of communication between people because the smallest violations in most cases underlie the greatest damages to the individual and society. Generally, look from Islam perspective is divided into legal and illegal or halal and haram (forbidden). Legal or halal look is a look that when is occurred, there is no sin for the one whom has looked and in some cases is the cause of reward. But, illegal or forbidden look is one that is considered as sin because of sinister and evil consequences it has and the person who does it, is committed forbidden action. Legal looks from Islam perspective include the look of a man at a women with marriage intention, the look of woman at suitor man, look for testify, teaching and learning, bargain, necessity, treatment, look at disabled women, dhimmis, infidel, rural and nomads, look at easygoing and bad hijab women, first look and unintentionally and look at intimates.

In recent years due to increasing the population day to day expanding urbanization and immethodically increasing of constructions green spaces specially farming lands and gardens are terribly getting destroyed and changed. because the increase of the land price and the low benefit of farming cause agriculture to be weakend and lead to the willingness of changing the land use. However the land has always been considered an important tool during the whole history and governments have been aware of its economical political and social importance and they have set rules and laws a way better use of them. Along with fighting against changing the Land use the policy that the legislator has chosen in the form of construction eradication is a suppressive one. But maintaining the use of farm Lands wont be possible just by relying on the criminal policy of repression and the witness to this subject are those aerial photographs and statistics which show the increasing trend of changing the farm Land and gardening use around the cities of our country. of course we don’t mean to eliminate the criminal prevention in fighting against this crime but also by the social and the situational prevention we can prevent peoples tendency toward changing the Land use. In this study by descriptive-analytical method first we will dealing with criminology then will propose prevention solutions of the crime of changing the use of farm Lands.

The holy shari'a of Islam passes the competition in obtaining property through two legal and moral filters and has set special legal and moral rules and regulations to make the competition in obtaining income healthy. Islamic law considers the limitation of my right, including the right to compete, to be the loss of individuals or society, and according to the no-harm rule, the trader's right to compete can be restricted against losses resulting from illegal competition. Although commercial competition is not inherently prohibited by law and does not preclude individuals or legal entities from competing for income, care must be taken not to use one of the forbidden practices. One of these examples is acquisition through actions that are themselves haram, in which some forms of illegitimate competition can be examined. Also, according to Islamic jurisprudence, the prohibition of voiding property as a general rule is valid in all financial areas, including the environment of commercial competition, and the prohibition of illegitimate competition can be justified based on this rule

By virtue of article 607 of Islamic Punishment Act, any kind of assault on government officers or resistance against them in the very act of performing their duties is counted among those acts which are a kind of rebellion. In article 34 of the Punishment Act of Armed Forces Crimes, the legislature has predicted a case of rebellion regarding the militmy and has assigned a more aggravated punishment for the perpetrator of it. One of the necessary basic conditions for proving this' crime is the occurrence of the crime when the government officer is in the very act of performing his duties. If these officers act within the lilt its of delivered duties and don't act beyond the scope of their powers and competence, their actions will be legal, and so a5saulting on them or resisting against them in such a case is a kind of rebellion. But when they act beyond the scope of their powers and competence, or in other words when they don't act within the limits of their duties, their actions will be illegal. So in such cases what is the judgment of law regarding resistance against them or assaulting on them? There is a lot of differences of opinion in this regard.Some believe that resistance against such illegal acts is absolutely allowable. On the other hand, others believe that resistance against government officers is not allowable, even when their act is illegal. There is also a third group which has chosen a middle method and differentiated between various cases.Iranian law and judicial precedent have a great inclination towards the third theory. In Iranian criminal or penal law, resistance against the illegal acts of government officers not only is not a crime but also in some cases -with the attainment of conditions -it can be counted a5 a legal defense.

Hostile oil field corrosive environments have challenged the production and transportation operations of the petroleum industry. The estimated cost of corrosion on the U.S. economy in the year 2002 resulted in an expenditure of about 276 billion U.S. dollars. This amount was an increase of more than $100 billion over a previous five year period. Corrosion maintenance expenditures over this 5 year period were approximately 3.1% of the U.S. GDP, and stimulated congress to enact the Corrosion Prevention Act in 2007. One avenue available to successfully combat corrosion in the petroleum industry is the recent progress made in corrosion prediction applications for petroleum operations. Three such corrosion computer models have been developed at the University of Louisiana at Lafayette. These models are capable of predicting the physical conditions and corrosion rates inside pipelines and in producing oil and gas wells. The models are window based and described in this paper. An expert system module was developed, which adjusts the predicated corrosion rate based on various known reservoir and well subsurface parameters.